bearing blog


bear – ing n 1  the manner in which one comports oneself;  2  the act, power, or time of bringing forth offspring or fruit; 3 a machine part in which another part turns [a journal ~];  pl comprehension of one’s position, environment, or situation;   5  the act of moving while supporting the weight of something [the ~ of the cross].


  • Blogging on the move.

    Well, I haven’t made any posts since Christmas, and only a handful since the start of the pandemic, and here I am making three or four posts in the span of a day. Thanks, TypePad, for imploding and forcing my hand!

    It’s not that I haven’t had thoughts for the last five years or so. I even wrote some down! With a pen on paper. I think I just got, well, less certain that the words needed to get out there. I definitely became less comfortable with writing in order to figure things out —at least, where everyone can see. It seems fraught, these days, to let a half-formed idea out into the world; even in order to invite people of good will to critique and answer it, and so to help sharpen it through friction. Maybe because there seems to be less good will out there? Or more ill will. Certainly—as today’s local news indicates—there is something out there, unpredictable: what spasm next, responding to who-knows-what?

    + + +

    I perhaps ought to write about that, but don’t want to. It’s so close; I am bound to know someone touched by it. No one wants the national news turned on their own city for something this dire and awful. No one wants that kind of attention. None of us want people who don’t live here to tell us the reasons why it happened here, while they go on thinking that it cannot happen to them.

    + + +

    I had planned to pick the blog up for a few weeks here in September. We’ll see if I manage. Maybe the timing is good, this forced move to WordPress. Be patient with the formatting—I have to figure out what I am doing—and I will try to prioritize checking in here. Maybe you’ll see some photos.

    Thanks for visiting. Au revoir? No—à bientôt.


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    nothing to see here for now


  • In the process of moving (blog hosts that is)

    Apologies in advance for all the permanently broken links and missing images. My priority is to get the text moved over here.

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    Morning.


  • It’s the end of Typepad as we know it

    Welcome to WordPress! This is your first post. Edit or delete it to take the first step in your blogging journey.

    I have a few days to figure this out.


  • Hello World!

    Welcome to WordPress! This is your first post. Edit or delete it to take the first step in your blogging journey.


  • Unmuddling forgiveness (part II of a book report).

    Continued from the last post where I am writing about how a 2022 book is helping me clarify my thinking about repentance and forgiveness.  Recap:

     

    The point here is, this book helped me immensely in clarifying my thinking… It mostly has to do with untangling concepts that have become, at least in my mind, enmeshed with each other. 

    First off, Rabbi Ruttenberg separates the concepts of "the perpetrator's repentance" and "the victim's forgiveness."  The work that the perpetrator must do is not dependent on the victim's ability or willingness to extend forgiveness.  The victim's decision to forgive or not forgive may take place whether the perpetrator ever repents or not.  The two processes can inform one another but they are not the same process and they do not require the perpetrator and the victim to have contact or an exchange of any sort of information or messages with one another.

    That divides our discussion into two bundles of concepts:  one about the perpetrator's work, and one about the victim's process.   In a subsequent post, I'll write about how Rabbi Ruttenberg has clarified my thinking about the victim's part.  For the remainder of this post, I'll take up the perpetrator's bundle.

    The last post was about how Rabbi Ruttenberg's book clarified my thinking about the perpetrator's job of repentance.  This post will be about the work of forgiveness.

    + + +

    The discussion of forgiveness begins in the part of the book where Rabbi Ruttenberg is laying out the steps of repentance, because she needs to explain what it does and doesn't have to do with the perpetrator's responsibilities.  Recall (from the last post) that Rabbi Ruttenberg laid out the scholar Maimonides's five steps of repentance, and one post-script:

    •  owning up to the harm
    • forming a firm purpose of amendment (starting to change for the better)
    • making restitution and/or accepting punishment
    • making a sincere apology to the victim and other affected parties, possibly to the public
    • transformation of the self into someone who doesn't do that anymore

    When the obligations of the penitent (taken from the above five steps) are adequately discharged as far as he has power, then (in Maimonides's tradition) he may seek the last closure, i.e.,

    • atonement,

    understood in the context of Yom Kippur.

    The way that I'm being personally helped by this book is by the separation of these concepts, these steps of repentance as separate and necessary parts of the larger work of repentance, so they can be individually considered and evaluated.  And so, as we turn to considering forgiveness —let's look at that step of apology, which is obviously closely related. 

    In a good, complete, apology, a perpetrator usually asks for forgiveness.  I think we all understand that a perpetrator does not have the right to demand forgiveness; he should understand that forgiveness, if it is offered, is a free gift—otherwise, it's a confused sort of apology, if it counts as an apology at all.  Right?  Isn't that sort of the essence of an apology?  An acknowledgment that forgiveness is not deserved at least without some demonstration on the perpetrator's part?

    And indeed, in the steps of repentance, the apology does not come first, nor even second.  First the harm and one's part in it must be admitted, confessed to, acknowledged, truthfully and without minimization.   Next, the beginnings of change—and the barest beginning of change is the desire to do better.  Next, restitution and/or accepting consequences; at least this must be begun; one of the consequences one should accept is the necessity of the humble apology and the begging for (not demanding or coercing) forgiveness.  And then, with that evidence of walking the walk of repentance shoring him up, the perpetrator may apologize.  

    He begs for forgiveness, and then, whether the victim agrees to forgive or not, he must continue with the rest of the work. 

    In Rabbi Ruttenberg's view of Jewish law here, the victim is encouraged for their own good to forgive, but in certain circumstances is not required to do so.  Nevertheless, even without the victim's forgiveness, there is mercy here for the perpetrator.  Rabbi Ruttenberg explains that the law lays out a way for the perpetrator to know when he's apologized and begged forgiveness "enough:"  perhaps it wasn't "enough" for the victim, but it can be "enough" for the perpetrator to lay down the work of begging, accept that they will not receive the gift of the victim's forgiveness, and continue the work of transformation.  Atonement becomes possible when the whole process has been sincerely tried.

    + + +

    Recall, though, that our big question is:  what is meant by forgiveness?  What is this thing which, from the perpetrator's point of view, we are to regard as an undeserved gift from a victim—but which we Christians have often heard described as a required step for our own salvation?  How to untangle these concepts?

    The first clue we get from Rabbi Ruttenberg (who notes that English "forgive" comes from a word meaning "to give, bestow") is a distinction between two Hebrew words that are used in the context of forgiveness.

    The first is mechila, which might be better translated as "pardon."  It has the connotation of relinquishing a claim against an offender; it's transactional… the acknowledgment that the perpetrator no longer owes them, that they have done the repair work necessary to settle the situation…. It doesn't mean that we pretend [it] never happened, and it doesn't (necessarily) mean that our relationship will return to how it was before….With mechila, whatever else I may feel or not feel about you… we're done here.

    Slicha, on the other hand, may be better translated as "forgiveness"… It looks with a compassionate eye at the penitent perpetrator and sees their humanity and vulnerability, recognizes that, even if they have caused great harm, they are worthy of empathy and mercy…. [i]t does not denote a restored relationship…(neither does the English word, actually; "reconciliation" carries that meaning), nor…a requirement that the victim act like nothing happened.  But it has more of the softness, that letting-go quality associated with "forgiveness" in English.

    Notably, the Jewish literature of repentance mostly deals with mechila… What needs to be done to close accounts, here?

     

    So we begin to think of these two different ways we might imagine "forgiveness."

    And then we also consider the two sides of the forgiveness coin, or currency:  There must be a sense in which forgiveness, if it is to be given, must be given freely; else, a perpetrator would have the right to demand it from us (and we know, especially from having been repentant perpetrators ourselves, that it is repellent to consider such a demand as just).  And there must also be a sense in which Christianity requires it of us somehow:  the words in the Gospel of Matthew must mean something.

    + + +

    I'm inclined not to make any prescriptions at this point about whether one or both of these Hebrew concepts, slicha or mechila, is exactly what Jesus meant when He talked about forgiveness.  I'm inclined just to note that they do, indeed, appear to be two different concepts, and it is easy to imagine being prescribed (as a victim) to do our best, at the appropriate time, to achieve one or the other. 

    Mechila:  It makes sense that there may come a point when the perpetrator, having repented, having paid us what he can, has done enough and we don't need him to do anymore; a point when it would be better for us to move on with our lives.   (Rabbi Ruttenberg notes that, in cases wheref the harm is irreparable, she agrees with authoritative sources who say the victim is not obligated to forgive at all; but she concedes that it may be better for the victim's healing to choose to do so.)  It squares with Christian thought that we ought to refrain from total retribution or from insisting on reparations that leave the perpetrator in utter poverty, even if this was the only way to be made whole.

    Slicha:  It also makes complete sense, in the Christian worldview, that no human being is worthless, God loves everyone, and so simple humility and truthfulness requires us to remember that humanity, the need for mercy.   They may, for instance, deserve pity, and an understanding of circumstances that explain, if not excuse, the behavior.  This is the sense where instead of hoping for the perpetrator's downfall, it accords more with Christian thought to try to hope for the perpetrator's conversion, repentance, and eventual salvation.

    So maybe Jesus means:  When the perpetrator has repented, apologized, and made amends, started to become better:  then, release them from their obligation to you.

    Or maybe Jesus means:  After the hurt has passed, remember that the perpetrator needs mercy, as you also need mercy.

    But neither of these are necessarily places that we can get to quickly, or easily.  The medicine may be good for us, but it can be bitter.  And it doesn't go down in one gulp.

    + + +

    From a podcast called We Can Do Hard Things, episode 163, "How to Make Wrongs Right with Rabbi Danya Ruttenberg," in which the hosts interviewed the author:

    …It often feels like, 'can you forgive me?' feels shorthand for 'can we pretend that that never happened?  Can we go back to a way where that never happened?'  And that feels like… the opposite of forgiveness for the person, which is accepting that it can never be…"

    Here are some things that forgiveness (either kind) is distinguishable from:

    • forgetting what happened
    • healing from the trauma caused by the perpetrator
    • transforming the injury into wisdom or growth
    • transforming anger, rage, or sorrow into positive actions
    • having compassion for the perpetrator's suffering or poor situation
    • declining to hold the perpetrator accountable
    • minimizing the harm or the intent
    • silence that protects the perpetrator or the systems within which he was able to cause harm
    • restoration of the relationship to the way it was before; pretending the injury never happened
    • reconciliation, returning to a renewed relationship
    • putting oneself back in reach of the perpetrator, where he has the opportunity and perhaps the temptation to harm you again in the same way.

    The injunction to forgive others their trespasses—mechila or slicha or some other mysterious thing—has been used against sincere Christians in a sneaky way, to imply that Jesus wants their silence.  Jesus wants their not making trouble.  Jesus wants them to forget, to pretend, to not be so goddam sensitive.    So there is a long, painful history of coerced forgiveness there, which is not really coerced "forgiveness" but is instead coercion that aims at some combination of these other things, these things which serve the perpetrator and serve the structures that let the perpetrator do harm.

    Rabbi Ruttenberg's formulation also seems to imply that in serious situations, forgiving too soon may actually deprive the perpetrator of an opportunity to do the real work of repentance.  What if, deprived of consequences, the perpetrator never realizes he has work to do at all?  Forgiveness is a gift, but (at least initially) withholding forgiveness might be a gift as well.  It depends on the human beings involved.

    + + + 

    I think that the answer  to "how do you know when you've forgiven?" is not one that can be addressed in generalities.  I very much doubt there is a single formula that is correct for everyone.

    Instead of asking "Is forgiveness something that mostly happens inside the forgiver?" —I think we have to, within our situation, ask:  Is the forgiveness I am called to try to achieve, something that will happen mainly inside me?  

    Instead of asking "At what point in the process of a penitent's repentance must forgiveness be offered?"  I think we, in a particular situation of forgiveness, need to be asking:  What evidence is there that this person who harmed me has acknowledged what he did, has remorse for it, desires to change?  Has he repaid me or accepted the consequence?  Has he done as much as he is capable of?  And then, upon determining the answer to these questions:  Can I forgive him at this point?  Would that interrupt his process?  Does he need to know about it?

    These are principles that must be considered and worked through—like so many moral questions.  They are not canned answers that work the same way in every circumstances.  But with a clear idea of the difference between forgiveness and the things that masquerade as forgiveness, victims have a better chance of escaping the false forgivenesses that serve neither justice nor mercy, and finding a place of real peace and closure.

    I recommend Rabbi Ruttenberg's book as an example of that clarity.


  • Unmuddling repentance.

    Most of us are aware of the radical teachings of Jesus regarding response to harm and injury caused by another.

    "Turn the other cheek also… give your cloak as well."  (Mt 5:39-40)

    "Forgive us our debts — as we also have forgiven our debtors…for if you forgive others their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you."  (Mt 6:12-14)

    "[Forgive], not seven times, but I tell you, seventy times seven times."   (Mt 18:22)

    Are these instructions clear?  Is their meaning obvious?

    I think perhaps they are not, at least not to us in our culture.  Because we, in our culture, are not very clear about what we mean by the word "forgive."  And because we are not very clear about what we mean by "forgive," these instructions lay a heavy weight on people who have been harmed, are aware that there is something that Jesus calls us to do, something by the name of "forgive."  The person who wants to follow Jesus' injunction to forgive may have many questions that leave them uneasy.  When you don't know what forgiveness means, exactly, how do you know when you have forgiven? 

     

    •  The thing about seventy times seven seems to imply a sort of limitless forgiveness—but is it limitless in the sense of a mass formless quantity of which you can never have too much?  Or is it limitless in the sense of an unlimited number of discrete, completed forgivenesses?

     

    • Is forgiveness something that mostly happens inside the person harmed?  Or is forgiveness something that is not real until it has been experienced by the perpetrator?

     

    • Who is the forgiveness for?  Is it for the perpetrator's good, to bring them peace and encourage them to change for the better?  Or is it for the perpetrator's just punishment, to "heap burning coals on their head" (Prov 25:22) by offering them an undeserved kindness?  Or is it primarily for the harmed person, to help them move forward and away?

     

    • When must forgiveness be offered?  Does it matter if the perpetrator has admitted the wrong and tried to repair it?  Does it matter if the wrong is actually irreparable?  Does it matter if the perpetrator is unable to understand that he has injured someone, or unable to take any steps toward repentance, sorrow, or change? 

     

    • What if the perpetrator doesn't accept our extended forgiveness as good enough?  What if he accuses us of holding a grudge and refusing to forgive, because we do not indulge him in his own idea of forgiveness?  Is he correct?  Have we failed to forgive?

     

    • We all understand, I hope, that forgiveness is rarely instantaneous:  is there a time limit?  If we can't manage to attain it in our lifetimes, will our own trespasses remain unforgiven?

     

    There is a desperate need for clearer thinking, if we are ever going to answer these questions.  That goes for theoretical, general questions, and for the specific wounds in our own lives.

    + + +

    I recently read a book that seeks to clarify the thinking around these issues:  On Repentance and Repair:  Making Amends in an Unapologetic World (Beacon Press, 2022) by Rabbi Danya Ruttenberg.   Rabbi Ruttenberg calls on a framework of repentance that originates in the law regarding Yom Kippur, and that was further codified by Torah scholar Maimonides (1138-1204).  With this she lays out for us what the Jewish tradition, at least, asks of human beings as they move forward after one has injured the other.

    Along the way, Rabbi Ruttenberg points out how the vagueness of our understanding of "forgiveness" has allowed people to weaponize it  against victims, demanding their silence and their peace in the face of injustice, minimizing the harm, even demanding that they put themselves back within reach of real harm.  This tactic works particularly insidiously against many sincere Christians, who know they are supposed to forgive but don't understand how to make that forgiveness co-exist with, to put it bluntly, boundaries.  She carefully separates and untangles forgiveness from the things that it is not, things that should be considered separately.  Grounded in the Jewish tradition, she offers a way of understanding a process of forgiveness.  She does not go so far as to affirm a positive responsibility to forgive in all cases—but I think her approach is wholly compatible with a Christian understanding of Jesus's radical call to mercy, and her careful treatment of the subject and distinguishing of different parts of the process can only help inform us as we try to live up to it.  

    +  + +

    I will begin with the confession that I'm writing this a little too hastily for it to count as a complete book review.  I bought the book because I needed some specific advice about repentance and forgiveness in networks of interpersonal relationships, and I pored deeply over the chapters that directly addressed these while skimming over the chapters on institutions, nations, and justice systems.  (I'm very interested in those topics too, so I'm going to dig into those soon!)  The point here is, this book helped me immensely in clarifying my thinking, and I now feel equipped to figure out a way forward where before I was wallowing in confusion.

    Let me see if I can explain where the clarity comes from.  It mostly has to do with untangling concepts that have become, at least in my mind, enmeshed with each other. 

    (By the way, speaking of clarity, I'm going to use the term "perpetrator" to mean someone who has done a specific harm to a specific person, and "victim" to denote that person, just to make the identities of whom I'm talking about very clear.  The choice of those terms is not a statement of the permanent status or identity of either.)

    First off, Rabbi Ruttenberg separates the concepts of "the perpetrator's repentance" and "the victim's forgiveness."  The work that the perpetrator must do is not dependent on the victim's ability or willingness to extend forgiveness.  The victim's decision to forgive or not forgive may take place whether the perpetrator ever repents or not.  The two processes can inform one another but they are not the same process and they do not require the perpetrator and the victim to have contact or an exchange of any sort of information or messages with one another.

    That divides our discussion into two bundles of concepts:  one about the perpetrator's work, and one about the victim's process.   In a subsequent post, I'll write about how Rabbi Ruttenberg has clarified my thinking about the victim's part.  For the remainder of this post, I'll take up the perpetrator's bundle.

    + + +

    Ruttenberg explains that Maimonides set forth a five-step task list for the perpetrator who desires to become a penitent.  The five steps help us to separate and distinguish parts of the work.  They may remind you, as they did me, of the steps taught to Catholic children leading up to the sacrament of confession.  

    Step one:  Naming and owning harm; comprehending it, facing it, confessing it in an appropriate venue, whether private or public.

    Step two: Starting to change.  Says Ruttenberg, 

    Translated to our own time, the work of transformation might include tearful grappling with one's behavior in prayer, meditation, and/or some other practice; making financial sacrifices that have meaningful impact both on one's own wallet and the world; changing one's self-conception and self-identity in appropriate ways; putting oneself in new situations both to consciously avoid the opportunity to cause harm and perhaps to experience what it's like to not have control or power—someplace where one might get some practice in the virtue of humility.  

    These days the process of change might also involve therapy, or rehab, or educating oneself…a concrete action plan….grappling with the root causes of the harm.  Some of these things may be necessary even before the confession stage, some may be appropriate at this point in the process, and in many cases the answer might be both.

    Step three:  Restitution and accepting consequences.  "Repair work isn't really repair," says Ruttenberg, "if the only thing that's changed is the perpetrator."

    Step four:  Apology.  Notice how late in the process this step is!  "I think he was trying to tell us," says Ruttenberg about Maimonides, "that apologies, and even amends and reparations, don't truly have the needed effect if the work to become different isn't already underway."  Maimonides says, she  tells us, that the perpetrator has an obligation to "'pacify [the person harmed] and to beg their forgiveness.  Even if they only offended their fellow verbally, they must appease and implore until [the harmed party] forgives them.'"  And she notes that "the focus is the mental and emotional state of the victim, not the boxes that a perpetrator needs to check in order to be let off the hook."

    Step five:  Making different choices. 

    The critical fifth and last stage of this process is that the perpetrator must, when faced with the opportunity to cause similar harm in the future, make a better choice.  This can happen only if they've done the deep work of understanding why the harm happened, stayed out of situations that would make the harm easy to perpetrate again, and reoriented themselves and their life….[T]he choice will happen naturally because the person making it is a changed person in the ways that matter.

    + + +

    So what we see here is that the following threads, actions, can all be successively separated from one another and deemed individually necessary parts of repentance:

    • owning up to the harm one has caused
    • forming a firm purpose of amendment
    • repaying the debt, literally (restitution) or figuratively (accepting punishment)
    • making a sincere apology to the victim and possibly also to other affected parties or the public
    • transformation of the self into a person who does not do that harm anymore

    Besides these, there is another.  Rabbi Ruttenberg reserved for the very last chapter in the book a sixth distinct concept, atonement, which she says is more about the perpetrator's relationship with God.  But, she says, it's "the last step, after everything else is complete":

    [A]tonement works only if you've done the necessary work of owning harm and undergoing transformation—repentance.  And if that harm has an interpersonal dimension, atonement is entirely impossible without repair, amends, and in most cases, apology.

    Catholic readers may note that for us penitents, absolution at least (our personal wiping-clean of the slate, since the atonement in our tradition has been accomplished by Another) is available on the making of a good confession, and doesn't necessarily depend on us already having completed the transformation, repaid anyone, or apologized.  However, it's not unreasonable to argue that in order to make a good confession, one must be wholly ready to do these things insofar as we can.  If we are not ready to apologize, make restitution, or reform ourselves, do we really have the firm purpose of amendment that the "good confession" requires?  And indeed the priest is empowered to withhold absolution, or to call upon us to make restitution as part of our penance.   Part of examining our conscience is to discern whether we indeed have the will to do better. 

    Should we stay away until we are sure we can do all those things?  I think it's better to approach the sacrament even with imperfect contrition, and the fear of having to do all that necessary work.  The sacrament is there to give us grace and to strengthen us to do better, and we can come back again and again as needed.  I think that for Catholics, bringing the harm to confession happens first somewhere in the first two steps, and can be repeated as we gather strength to move through steps three, four, and five.

    More on the other side of the coin—forgiveness and its allied concepts—in the next post.


  • Thanksgiving.

    It's true that we have been married for almost twenty-six years, and we have been parents for twenty-four years, with children at several ages down to ten.

    It's true that we both know how to cook a big dinner and we both know how to organize and plan.  

    It's true that we've emerged from the howling chaos of the past few years, just like everyone else.  And at the same time not at all like anyone else:  that same grinder that left everyone wounded both generally and privately, so that we can all nod knowingly at each other, gesture vaguely at all this sort of thing; and at the same time maintain a sort of beaten privacy about the specifics.  Yes, we came out of it.  Yes, we learned.

    It's true that our grown children (the ones who can) are choosing us,  to be home with us this holiday.  And Mark's parents are joining us too, driving up.   We are loved.  The family wants to be together.

     + + +

    Still….

    there is nothing like hosting Thanksgiving to drive home the point that we are completely winging this big-family thing.

    + + +

    My early memories of Thanksgiving as a child are charmingly static:  or maybe they all layer over each other, year after year, so that I can't distinguish one from the next.  "Over the River and Through the Woods," learned in elementary school music class, we sang in the car on the way to my own grandmother's house.  We sat in my her small living room, some at the dining table, some on the couch or in the easy chair or in the rocking chair with TV trays; there was a turkey carved with an electric knife, and mashed potatoes and dressing, and sweet potatoes and green beans.  There were always exactly four cousins, since I am number three and barely remember the fourth, my brother, being born.  My uncle proclaimed the pie better even than last year.  My mother and aunt chided Grandma for not eating and she insisted that she got filled up on the smell.  Everyone talked loudly all at the same time, and football was on the television in the same room, there was laughter and good smells; and it was the same each year, something fixed, something that just happened, like the moon and stars wheeling in the sky.

    + + +

    And then you grow up and the secret is revealed.

    Every year now, I am suddenly gobsmacked, right after the falling of the leaves and around the time of the falling of the snow:  Holiday traditions don't just happen!   Sooner or later you have to make them yourselves!

    Like…. you just have to invent them!

    And in theory, you could do anything.   Hang the moon and stars however you want.

    + + +

    Look back, look forward, at the same time.   Logically, my grandmother's Thanksgivings could not have been static.  Logically, and if I think really hard about it I can come up with details—logically each year must have been at least a little different.  Logically there was a time before the loud, full-packed living room.   Logically, my grandmother made choices.  And my grandfather, too, in the time when he was living, before I got old enough to form many memories.

    Long ago, they invented Thanksgiving for me, and they made something imperfect but good enough.   

    I guess it's not that I have to squint terribly hard, or turn it over and over, to find the seams and brushmarks and sticky places.  They are there if you look, and pretty obvious.

    It's more that I don't feel that I need to.

    + + +

    So.  Mark and I may be winging it, with our Thanksgiving pot roast and our cluttered living room, but do the kids realize that?  Will they forgive us for improvising?  Will they found their own families and discover the secret on their own?

    Maybe they do, maybe they don't.  Maybe they will, maybe the won't.  But you know, I am starting to think it's going to be okay either way.

     


  • A few notes from Facebook, for Melanie.

    I've been reading Elisabeth Leseur's Journale et Pensées de Chaque Jour (Journal and Daily Thoughts) this summer, and occasionally posting some passages to FB.  Melanie was interested in the conversation but has had some trouble following along what with the intermittent uselessness of the native notifications.  I'm reproducing some of it here for her benefit.  And maybe yours?

    Begin…

    I have made a substantial dent in Journal et pensées de chaque jour by Elisabeth Leseur including the lengthy biographical memoir by her husband that serves as the preface.   Some notes follow…

    Note 1.  I hadn’t noticed before, but E.L. didn’t write in her journal very often. (These are not excerpts, as far as I can tell.) She wrote in bursts and isolated days: five entries in September 1899, one the next February, two back-to-back days in March, once in May…
    Often the entries give brief accounts of the time since the last one, lists of resolutions for the future, and private expressions of thoughts that she feels she can’t share with anyone in real life. She sometimes comments on rereadings of past entries. It’s a journal of spiritual progress, I get the sense that she uses it to help her remember her resolutions and be accountable, but it isn’t a daily journal. And while she discusses how she’s fulfilled or not fulfilled her resolutions generally, she very rarely describes particular failings or successes in any detail. Very different compared to, say, St. Thérèse with her many personal anecdotes. She mentions day-to-day joys (presents from Félix, vacations, etc.) and worries (sick loved ones especially).
     
    It’s nice to know that a significant and fruitful journaling practice can be irregular, as-needed, seasonal, and even discreet. You don’t have to put your whole examen in it every day.
     
    Note 2. On my first (English) reading of the journal and of biographical material about E. L., what I found most prominent about her difficulties was that she lived and moved among people who didn’t share her faith and whom she couldn’t really talk to about it from the heart; and that she resolved not to argue with people and to always respect consciences, preferring to be an example of charity, honesty, and simplicity as well as intense in private prayer. This is a suffering of isolation and loneliness (despite living in a lively intellectual circle of friends and relations).
     
    On this second reading, I am more struck by her descriptions of the suffering caused by her physical illnesses, both because of chronic pain and exhaustion and because she has to set aside active kinds of service and take care of herself instead of other people. She doesn’t specifically mention their childlessness (that I have seen yet) but I think I can read that between the lines. She’s determined to make this suffering fruitful. She also resolves often not to complain about her illness.
     
    I find it interesting because she resolves to be honest and simple, and to care for her body as required (to rest instead of work for instance), but also to keep some deep layer of her suffering private and interior, because it seems to her to be more fruitful that way. (She later acquires a spiritual director to whom it seems she reveals some of this.) It’s an interesting line to walk: sometimes it is a sacrifice to be honest, and sometimes it is a sacrifice to be reserved.
     
    Also this may depend very much on the kinds of people who are around her and her specific desires for those relationships. I don’t think she’s offering us a universal rule. It’s her *personal* path which she’s arrived at through long contemplation.
     
    Note 3. There’s a rule of life that she laid out in autumn of 1906 that is absolutely fascinating. Part of her personal apostolate is to learn as much as possible about all kinds of intellectual subjects so she can understand everyone she meets as clearly as possible. And she is absolutely convinced that her specific duty is never to speak directly about Christ or her faith, unless asked, but simply to be a very attractive and self-giving personality that displays Christlikeness, and also secretly offer many prayers and sacrifices for the people she encounters and loves.
     
    I’m trying to imagine the social milieu in which a person would decide after much thought and prayer that it is an actively superior and more fruitful type of evangelization to literally never speak the name of Christ.
     
    One possibility would be if experience has taught you that you yourself often commit unrecoverable errors such that you drive people farther from Christ, or that you are sorely tempted to pride and contempt or to self-aggrandizement whenever you speak openly about Him. There are some suggestions that E. L. was concerned about personally falling into errors of pride.
     
    Another possibility—E. L. specifically identifies this—is if you are surrounded by people with very strong hostility and prejudices against Christianity, who would be repelled or tempted to double down against it; she has decided that she can let Christ work on them through her without revealing it to them.
     
    A corollary to this that I identify by extension is when we are surrounded by people who have been harmed, hurt, and traumatized in the name of Christ, so that the name itself wounds.
     
    The existence of an enormous confusing backdrop of many disunited voices talking over each other and arguing about who Christ is and what He would have us do, coupled with an awareness that one is not particularly equipped to stand out from the background, is another.
     
    I guess another thing to think about: Quite often it is fruitful, we assume, to proclaim, instead of being silent about, what God has done for us. But E. L. is here renewing resolutions “after lapses, of silence about myself, about my soul, about my sufferings, about graces received.” Usually spontaneous testimony and confession (public) is thought of as positive.
     
    I don’t doubt that there are fruits to it. Encouraging one another, etc. And of course the publication of the diary happened. But E. L.’s firm conviction that she was called to near-total silence rather than testimony calls attention to a need for discernment. Testimony is not an unalloyed good, is not appropriate in all circumstances and for all people.
     
    It’s an error to believe that our outward expressions will hit home before the hour chosen by God. Let us speak only in the measure that seems to accord with the intention of Providence, when our words answer the souls’ call.
     
    Note 4.  She writes the same, or nearly the same, resolutions over and over again.
     
    Deirdre commented:
     
    I find the idea that we’re called to draw other people back to Christ just by… being someone people want to be like very challenging, as I’ve often been told point blank that my family does the opposite by being too weird and disorganized and unattractive. My current tact is “if we’re not too much of a hot mess to be part of the church, you’re not too much of a hot mess either?”
    Because yea, we are pure mess, and it’s not for want of trying to be less messy.
     
    But her method seems especially well suited to aggressively secular France.
     
    Oh, I said to Deirdre, if you read the diary it’s very clear that her resolution to be verbally silent about her faith (except when called upon, and then to express herself firmly but very simply) is a response to her very personal and specific situation. She is even holding her tongue in the face of people mocking the faith, as a personal mortification.    ("Wow.  That's… Iron will," said Deirdre.)
     
    Also, I said:  It’s more than “being someone people want to be like.” Over and over she uses a metaphor of cracking open a door just a little so that the light shines out.
     
    Melanie chimed in, 
     
    [M]y thought is that the people who find your family too unattractive or whatever… they’re not the people you’re called to be witnessing to. Or maybe what you’re witnessing to those sorts of people is… something else. But anyone who says crap like that to you is cruel and unkind and honestly needs to do some serious soul searching about what kind of witness they are called to be. Because comments like that are not witness to Christian love. They’re meant to wound.
     
    Here are some more quotes from Elisabeth:
     
    I am renewing my resolution of silence, seeing more than ever how necessary is an extreme reserve with all people, especially concerning matters of God. My soul, my spiritual life, the graces received, I must veil from everyone; and also, I must speak as little as possible about my ordeals and my health.
     
    The edification of our neighbor which used to sometimes spur me on (aside from less-pure motives) to effusiveness can only be a result, but not… our goal. The only end that I want to pursue is the will of God, and my ‘abandon’ must become complete, humble, and filled with love.
     
    Nifty wordplay here perhaps. ‘Abandon’ can mean ‘abandon’ as in abandoning a post or a responsibility, it can mean ‘withdrawal’ as in dropping out of a contest, it can mean ‘freedom’ as in ‘a sense of total abandon’ and it can mean ‘surrender’ as in ‘abandoning oneself to the will of another’ — all these senses work here at once.
     
    But really the part I was pointing out is the difference between “only a result” and “our goal, our end.”   The same entry continues:
     
    The absolute incomprehension or ignorance of many concerning the supernatural life is a serious reason to practice this silence which the ascetic authors have so often recommended.
     
    Therefore, interiorly I want to practice a more complete contemplation, a more intimate union with Our Lord; exteriorly, I want to step up still more, give more lavishly of myself, become more amiable and cheerful. And when my task of humble charity and daily efforts is complete, God will know how to use it for souls and for his glory.
     
    Mine is the labor, unrecognized by others; His is the bringing about of the good that I desire, of the spiritual ‘oeuvre’ toward which my poor labors aim. The laborer brings his works, the Master uses it as he pleases; let it be enough for me to know that never shall this labor remain unproductive.
     
    To work, then, and joyfully. And if I still must suffer for my faith, I shall offer those troubles with serenity for my usual intentions and in a spirit of reparation.
    At the start of Lent 1912:
     
    More than ever I want to hide my works, prayers, mortifications in the Heart of Jesus; no longer preach except by example; not speak of myself and speak little of God, since in this sad world to speak of one’s love for him scandalizes and irritates people.
    But whenever a soul comes to me, whenever it seems to conform to the divine will that I go to a soul, I will do it, very humbly, very discreetly, effacing myself and disappearing when the job is done, not confusing the “me” with the act done for God alone.
    And then if I am unfavorably judged, criticized, imperfectly understood, I will turn my efforts to rejoicing, thinking of our divine Model, and I will make myself very small in the eyes of others, myself who is really so poor and little compared to God.
    I think it is really interesting this response to seeing people scandalized and irritated by hearing about people’s love for God.   Emphasizing here that I am pretty sure E.L. is not prescribing this way for everyone. Obviously it is some folks’ job to preach even in the face of others’ feeling scandalized or irritated.
     
    But we have all known some people who seem to respond instead by being all the more emboldened to scandalize and irritate even harder?  Or who take others’ scandal and irritation as a positive sign that they are preaching well and sharing correctly?
     
    I am not saying that negative reactions on the part of others are necessarily evidence of bad sharing/preaching (and neither is E.L.!) but E.L. is advocating some very serious discernment about it. She reminds us that “edification” of souls is not the end we are aiming at. That God’s will be done is primary; their edification (by us) may be the means God wishes, or He may wish to accomplish it some other way. So she’s reasoning that if we edify contrary to the way God wishes, that would be inferior to being silent and offering private prayer and sacrifice for them.
     
    It seems that at least for herself, she believes that, in the absence of a strong positive sense that God wants her to “edify” by speaking to a particular person, she is called not to risk scandalizing and irritating people with talk of God.  That was something that was easy to do in her social circle (and, I would argue, is easy to do in many circles here and now). When most minds are unprepared or unable to receive the Gospel verbally, there is a real risk of making the situation worse by speaking rashly, without humility or discernment. And E. L. firmly believes in the power of the other options available to her.
     
    Melanie responded:
     
    I really like the emphasis here on discerning God's will as primary and edification of souls as secondary. I think this is where we often make mistakes– when we assume we know God's will in a situation and thus push forward to preach at people or correct them or whatever it is we think we need to do, *before* we actually stop and ask God what it is HE thinks we should do.
     
    I was recently listening to a podcast interview (from a few years ago) with Meg Hunter-Kilmer in which she was talking about the importance in her ministry of giving God some quiet space in each day. Even though most of the time she was just sitting there bored in the silence and God didn't actually say anything, it was important that she give him the chance to talk. If he said nothing, then she'd go ahead and do whatever she thought was best to do, whatever the logical next step was, etc. And that was most of the time. But sometimes she'd understand that God wanted her to do X where X clearly wasn't an idea that came from her own mind or will. And she was saying it was that radical openness to listening that she felt was really most important.
     
    Or to put it another way, one of the Franciscan friars on another podcast I've been listening to likes to say his favorite prayer is: "Jesus, what is your heart for me in this situation?" And then again, the implication is we follow that prayer with silence so that we can listen to hear what it is that Jesus has to say.
     
    And maybe this is really speaking to me because I'm trying to learn how to make time and space for that kind of silence, that listening. Which is really hard. Recently I've been envying people in religious life who have built in a time and place for making a holy hour, having a chapel in the place where they live where they can go and be quiet with Jesus for a time. I've started doing a weekly holy hour on Wednesday nights from 11-12 and it's hard to fit even that in, but I really felt I needed to make that space in my week. I don't know that I could have done it before now and even now it feels like a big sacrifice. And yet at the same time part of me yearns to be able to do that daily. (It would help if the adoration chapel were closer instead of a 15 minute drive. Not that 15 minutes is THAT far, but still a holy HOUR is actually an hour and a half out of my day.)
     
    I noted:  E.L. writes often about how she longs for more solitude and a real kind of monasticism, but one of the mortifications of her state of life is that she can’t have as much as she would like. She treasures a daily meditation, the obligatory practices, and communion when she can, and manages a pilgrimage once in a while. But the rest of the time her “cell” is wholly interior.
     
    Back to Elisabeth.  Here’s something interesting from September 1912. She describes having asked Jesus for “the virtues dear to his Heart” and lists them each with a short elaboration: purity of heart, mildness, patience, humility, mortification, and finally:
     
    [P]overty of spirit, by interior divestment, real renunciation, and as far as my state in life allows, the carefully hidden practice of personal poverty and detachment. Sacrifice nothing that concerns the duties of my state; rather, take even more care of ‘the exterior’; grooming, attention to the home, food, elegance even, the better to make myself more attractive and the better to hide my private austerity.
     
    What do you think of this framing of “poor in spirit?”
     
    Melanie:  "I'm really fascinated by her interpretation of poor in spirit as a very inward trait, not discernible to her neighbors or possibly even to her household. Really focusing on the 'in spirit' part."  (And I noted:  It would be especially indiscernible to her household. She kept everything secret from her husband, who knew nothing until he read her journal after her death.)
     
    I think that's where we left off.  Anyone interested can continue in comments.
     
     

  • Planning, creatively.

    As the years go by I choose Lenten disciplines which are less and less ambitious. 

    I think this is funny, because early on I assumed that I would get better and better at deciding to resist a desire in the moment; at keeping track of my planned sacrifices day by day; at remembering we are in a season of self-discipline at all.  

    Remarkably, this has not happened.  I am no better at practicing Lent now than I was thirty years ago as a beginner.  Maybe I am just lazy.  Or maybe I've learned something.

     I can't tell you whether it is smart or not to keep starting over at very low levels.  It might be something that is smart for me and wouldn't be smart for other people.  But I've noticed a theme in the past few years:   

    It turns out that I am less able than I realized to make things happen the way I want them to. 

    It turns out that when things don't happen in accord with my expectations, when we can't meet expectations—when I pile more expectations (on myself or others) to catch up, well, that doesn't actually force us back onto the track I imagined.

    I've been dropping a lot of expectations.   I still wake up each day, drink my coffee, and wait for the caffeine to kick in with that lovely feeling that I can accomplish my plans.  But the plans for the day are growing sketchier all the time, and leaving more room for surprise; and I am reframing disappointment as discovery.

    + + +

    So my Lenten discipline, other than a few extremely minor practices that are not so much sacrifices as variations that mark the season,* is to read through the thirty-eight very short and approachable Catecheses on Prayer from the Wednesday papal audiences beginning May 6, 2020

    (That link goes to vatican-dot-va, in case you would like to follow a penitential path; in all these years they have never added a "forward" button that lets you read Wednesday audiences in order.  A more useful link is this roundup from Irish Papist which links to all the addresses in numerical order.)

    And, should my youngest child stay in bed long enough to afford me extra silence, to pray a rosary or at least as many of the decades as I have time for.   Because the flesh motivates the spirit, it's actually helping that splurged on a lovely new rosary from Iron Lace Designs this year, one that's absolutely a pleasure to hold and fiddle with.  

    Rosary

     

    + + +

    Anyway, today I read the thirteenth catechesis:  "Jesus, Teacher of Prayer."

    During his public life, Jesus constantly availed himself of the power of prayer. The Gospels show this to us when he retired to secluded places to pray. These are sober and discreet observations that allow us only to imagine those prayerful dialogues. They clearly demonstrate, however, that even at times of greater dedication to the poor and the sick, Jesus never neglected his intimate dialogue with the Father. The more he was immersed in the needs of the people, the more he felt the need to repose in the Trinitarian Communion, to return to the Father and the Spirit.

    …The Catechism states that “when Jesus prays he is already teaching us how to pray” (no. 2607). Therefore, from Jesus’ example we can derive some characteristics of Christian prayer.

    There are several characteristics, and I encourage you to read the whole thing, but I found myself focusing on this one:

    Another characteristic of Jesus’ prayer is solitude. Those who pray do not escape from the world, but prefer deserted places. There, in silence, many voices can emerge that we hide in our innermost selves: the most repressed desires, the truths that we insist on suffocating, and so on. And, above all, in silence God speaks. Every person needs a space for him or herself, somewhere to cultivate their interior life, where actions find meaning again. Without an interior life we become superficial, agitated, and anxious — how anxiety harms us! This is why we must turn to prayer; without an interior life we flee from reality, and we also flee from ourselves, we are men and women always on the run.

    I sometimes (who am I kidding—it's all the time) don't manage to get any serious morning prayer in, because the kids wake up too soon, or whatever, and I don't get any morning time alone with my coffee.   Obviously I could make more of an effort to make that alone time later in the day, but let's not pretend it isn't a bit of a handicap!  Seeking solitude, having trouble finding the space for prayer when you're surrounded by people, is normal and healthy.  If you never get that alone time, you are probably going to have to resort to other types of prayer:  communal prayers in the family, which I've never got the hang of except in scripted situations like mealtime grace; ejaculatory prayers, those tiny interior spaces we find between the moments of our day, I find, are more nourishing.

    Anyway, this helped me feel less like there is something wrong with me that I feel I can't quite do it right without solitude.  And it led me to think it would be interesting to go over the Gospels and compare two types of passages: those where Jesus disappears into solitude to pray, and those where Jesus prays out loud in front of everybody so they can hear.  I wonder what can be learned from the conditions which surround those two different modes.

    + + +

    In the first decade of my rosary, the mystery of the resurrection, I was still thinking about plans and how plans don't work out the way we expect them to.  And I thought about how the individual resurrection is, we assume, the start for all of us of really actually living out the plan God has for us.  Hmm, I thought,  a lot of people say things like "God has a plan for your life," but… I guess we don't really know that? 

    God loves you

    (h/t for the meme to this great post by Amy Welborn)

    God has a plan for everybody's resurrection and eternity.  Assuming we find ourselves still on board with the plan upon death, we'll be living that plan ever after.  Because our wills will be fully aligned with his, et cetera.

    And of course, we believe in a "divine plan" that broadly encompasses the whole of creation, an engine that gets us there, supplied with enough grace to drive us whenever we choose to tap into it.

    But I'm inclined to think that, free will being what it is, there may be no individualized plan for our lives at all.  At least not a "plan" that resembles the kind of things that humans make and call plans in any way.  It may be actively harmful to think of "a plan" that God has for my life, as it admits of the possibility of failing so badly that I cannot keep up with it or ever catch up at all.  It also, I think, devalues the role of will and discernment as images of God:  discernment isn't, I think, a kind of decipherment, where we try to read exactly the itemized steps that God has determined are best for us.  It's a kind of creativity, of problem solving; cooperation.  

    The idea of an individual plan for my life is, I think, maybe a bit of an accretion?   We have a perfectly good and much more open-ended model, instead, in the idea of vocation.  I think it will be healthier, at least for me, to put listening first, and then apply prudence as needed.  

    Plans are not bad!  They are good!  Well, they can be, anyway.   But let's accept that we don't have to figure out the divine plan, in whole or in part.  We can make normal fallible human plans, for my life, for my year, for my morning; and we can plan to be flexible.    Listening, learning, adjusting, getting closer to alignment, solving problems as they come up, creatively.

     

    ________

    * I mean.  I like eating fish or chickpea curry a lot.   I like my tea without milk just about as much as I like it with milk, too.     Milkless tea is Lenten tea, it's not sacrificial tea.  I don't know, it still seems like a good idea.  I should find more of these little practices.


  • Hand in hand in hand.

    5049FCD1-9E79-4693-B3A5-611A2A4B4F26 
     

    This vacation rental has four bedrooms.  Mark and I are in one.  The 15yo has one.  The 8- and 12yos have one.  And our two grown boys, the recent college graduate and the one who will be moving to college in the fall, have one.  This is basically the same arrangement in our house at home, at least in theory; but in practice it’s probably only been a handful of times, for the youngest was still sleeping in our bed quite a lot when the oldest went away to college.

    This is our third time in Chamonix as a family, after 5 years and the most intense parts of a global pandemic.  The 15yo now has free roam of the entire walkable town, and the 12yo is learning his way around and so his “boundaries” are increasing.  The 18yo can buy himself a drink in a bar.   

    Jet lag has not been kind to the 15yo, who has been plagued by unrestful sleep for many months; there is still no diagnosis, but we are trying some medications with the help of a pediatric sleep clinic.  We let them sleep as much as they wanted for the first couple of days—all of them—and everyone has adjusted except the 15yo.    Today we will try an 11 am wakeup and see if the sleep schedule can be improved, but no one really thinks that the unrestfulness will be.  So that has been hard for the 15yo.

    I don’t know quite what to do with other people’s unhappiness, of the kind that goes on and on and rarely lifts.  “Rejoice with those who rejoice, weep with those who weep”:  it is good advice for temporary connections and for temporary weeping; but what to do when one lives, all the time, with someone who is suffering?  And at the same time with others who are not, who are even rejoicing most of the time?  I have not learned the trick of rejoicing and weeping and rejoicing again in quick succession, day after day for a year or more.   I have not learned the trick of rejoicing and weeping at the same time, because I am together in one house with one who rejoices and also one who weeps, as well as some other people, and they are getting on each other’s nerves.  Cultivating a serene acceptance, would perhaps be easier.  But detachment, which is the only way that I know to achieve serenity, succeeds exactly because it fails to be “with” anyone.

    + + +

    Perhaps “weep with those who weep” was never meant to encompass clinical depression.

    I don’t mean that we cannot com-passion-ate, suffer with, someone whose particular sorrow is depression.  I mean, there are two kinds of sorrow there:   the disordered sorrow, the moments of believing the lies that depression tells; and then there is ordered sorrow in the face of depression, the simple wishing that  depression wasn’t there, the longing for what it has thieved away, the unrequited desire to feel better, the weariness of trying one remedy after another, of working through therapies that are, well, work.

    I think it must be that “weep with those who weep” means to accompany the sufferer in the latter grief, but not to fall somehow into the disordered thinking and feeling itself.  Or to mistake one for the other.   Clinical depression is an illness manifesting as a collection of unreasonable emotions; and yet it is entirely reasonable to have emotions about the depression.  The former is what therapy works to challenge by deliberate effort of will and behavior; the latter are valid and what therapy works to accept and process.  And yet the two resemble each other; a twisted cord to be unbraided gently.

    + + +

    The other difficulty, of somehow accompanying the rejoicing and the weeping at the same time, I don’t have an answer for yet.  I hold back from rejoicing for fear of abandoning the one who weeps, and restrain my weeping for fear of deflating the one who rejoices.   Is the answer to compassionate and rejoice interiorly, but keep a lid on it exteriorly?  or to learn to code-switch smoothly from one to the other and back?  or is this advice simply not well applied to the situation of simultaneity, and some other approach is needed?

    A family means:  being with, really with, more than one person at a time.  Does that mean being more at one time?  It is hard to see how to be enough.  But logically I must be enough, already.

    So instead of thinking of it being pulled in opposite directions, there must be a way forward, hand in hand on either side.


  • “I may give it to whomever I wish.”

    From the Gospel (Luke, chapter 4) for the first Sunday of Lent, yesterday, the middle part:

    Then he took him up and showed him
    all the kingdoms of the world in a single instant.
    The devil said to him,
    “I shall give to you all this power and glory;
    for it has been handed over to me,
    and I may give it to whomever I wish.
    All this will be yours, if you worship me.”
    Jesus said to him in reply,
    “It is written
                'You shall worship the Lord, your God,
                            and him alone shall you serve.' ”

     

    Of the power and glory of the kingdoms of the world, the devil in this story says:

    "I may give it to whomever I wish."

    We really need to keep this in mind whenever we are intellectually tempted towards any version whatsoever of the prosperity gospel, the idea that material, physical, or bodily blessings are the natural reward of faith and righteous living.

    There is a practice among comfortable Christians (like ourselves) which, though well-meaning, has always bothered me, and I've had trouble articulating exactly why. 

    It is this:  when acknowledging that one has escaped a bad material situation, or received a material windfall, or simply lived a comfortable life free from major material difficulties, there is a good-hearted desire to acknowledge that it wasn't through wisdom or had work that good befell them, that they aren't taking credit.  And there is also a desire to avoid saying, for instance, "We've been lucky," I suppose to deny a superstitious-type believe in "luck" or to assert that the hand of God works in all things and so perhaps even to deny the action of random chance.   So, not wanting to take credit, and not wanting to use the word "luck" for whatever reason, they substitute:  "We have been blessed."

    But… this is also a problem, especially when spoken aloud in a society like ours where many people do believe in the prosperity gospel, whether they realize it or not.  Anyone who says "We have been blessed" may mean "We have received this consolation through no deserving action of our own," but a lot of folks may hear "God has looked with favor upon us and rewarded us for our innate goodness and/or our faithful behavior."  

    So I don't think it's a good idea to use those words.

    And the Gospel gives us another reason.  Are material goods and comfort and power and respect necessarily blessings?

    Are the opposites necessarily curses?

    "I may give it to whomever I wish."  

    (I once heard a perhaps apocryphal story of a page-a-day Scripture calendar that had printed on one page, "All this will be yours, if you worship me."  It was meant to be funny, the story; but honestly, I think "I shall give to you all this power and glory, for it has been handed over to me and I may give it to whomever I wish" would work better.  I think a lot of people would like to believe that the voice that says this is the voice of God.)

    + + +

    Satan, of course, is the epitome of the unreliable narrator.   But Satan is here a character, not a narrator.  The narrator chose the words to put in the mouth of the devil, and chose them with care.

    I don't know what phrase we should substitute for "We've been blessed."  But I do think we should stop using it that way.